Following the victory at Actium, Octavian became the undisputed master of the Roman world.īut he faced the dispute over his constitutional status. The Ptolemaic treasure fell into the hands of Octavian, and Egypt was transformed into a Roman province. Alexandria was conquered, and Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide. Antony and Cleopatra returned to Egypt, and in 30 BC, Octavian resumed the offensive. Antoniu's fleet was surrounded and attempted to break the enemy fleet, but only a few ships succeeded, the rest, along with a large army of land, surrendered to Octavian. Cleopatra's squadron broke the line of enemy ships and Antony followed her with a few ships. Agrippa's blockade weakened Antoniu's position, which decided to try to flee to the sea. The dry troops were numerically equal, but at sea, Octavian had the advantage of a large fleet, battled in combat, led by Marcus Agrippa. Antony set up his camp on the southern side of the entrance, while Octavian settled on the northern promontory, 8 km from the mouth of the bay. Actium was a promontory on the western coast of Greece at the mouth of the vast Amrakia bay. The decisive battle took place in Actium, on the west coast of Greece on 2 September 31 BC.
The Senate could not tolerate such a will and declared war. It was learned that Anthony had given her inherited heritage to the children he had with Cleopatra. In July 32, Octavian illegally obtained Antoniu's will and read it in public. Antony reorganized the eastern provinces, but his prestige suffered from the failed campaign against the parties. As Oriental kings were not well seen in Rome, Octavian took advantage of the situation. Octavian strengthened his reputation in the west, Antony maintained his relationship with Cleopatra, the queen of Egypt, displaying a lifestyle specific to a Hellenistic king and divorced from Octavian's sister. In 38 BC, he replaced his first name Gaius and the name Julius with the Imperator. In 42 BC, in order to strengthen his political relations with the former soldiers of Julius Caesar, after his deification, he added to his name the title Divi Filius (Divine Son), becoming Gaius Iulius Cezar Divi Filius. Although he soon renounced Octavianus from his name and his contemporaries referred to him calling him Caesar during this period, historians refer to him between 44 BC and 27 BC calling him Octavian. Throughout his life he was known with many names: At birth he was named Gaius Octavius after his biological father, Gaius Octavius, to whom Thurinus was added as a child in honor of Thuria victory against fugitive slaves where his father attended.Īfter his posthumous adoption by Julius Caesar (44 BC), he took his name and became Gaius Iulius Caesar Octavianus according to Roman standards in the case of adoption. It is known by historians with the title of Augustus, which he took in 27 BC. It ended a century of civil wars and brought an era of peace, prosperity and imperial majesty. 19 August 14 AD, Nola), formerly known as Octavian, was the first Roman Emperor.Īlthough he retained the appearance of the Roman Republic, he led as a dictator for more than 40 years. Augustus - Octavianus Augustus Caesar (born 23 September 63 BC, Rome - d.
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